Investigating early vigour in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.): Part II. Identification of QTLs controlling early vigour under greenhouse and field conditions

Early vigour is an important characteristic for direct-seeded rice systems. The genetic control of early vigour was studied using a population of 129 backcross lines derived from a cross between Vandana, an improved indica, and Moroberekan, a traditional japonica. Screening was conducted under controlled conditions in greenhouse and field conditions, and indicators of early vigour, including shoot length, shoot biomass, leaf area, number of roots, root biomass, partitioning coefficients, and growth rates, were measured. Phenotypic correlations suggested that traits that were related and combined could be used to define early vigour. Broad-sense heritability ranged from moderate to high. Many regions were identified containing more than one QTL, suggesting that these traits were controlled by pleiotropic and/or closely linked QTLs. Many QTLs were specific to one environment but G × E interaction analysis showed that the main effects of the environment were large. Differences in temperature between experiments resulted in large differences in seedling age when expressed in thermal time. Different genes (QTLs) may be expected to control growth at different time intervals and thus may partly explain the limited agreement between experiments. However, several regions showed co-location of QTLs from more than one experiment. Comparisons with published studies revealed that these regions were previously identified in different genetic backgrounds and could potentially be used as introgression targets in a marker-assisted breeding program to improve germplasm for direct-seeded environments.     

QTL analysis of panicle morphology response to irrigation regime in aerobic rice culture

In water-efficient rice production, grain yield is often constrained by panicle size. The objective of this study was to genetically dissect the response of panicle morphology to irrigation regimes in aerobic rice culture. We grew ‘Akihikari’ (a lowland japonica cultivar) × ‘IRAT109’ (an upland japonica cultivar) backcross inbred lines in aerobic soils with full or limited irrigation for 2 years, and examined 4 panicle traits—number of florets per panicle (FPP), number of primary branches per panicle (BPP), number of florets per primary branch (FPB), and frequency of pre-flowering floret abortion (%FA)—and grain yield. QTLs for BPP were detected in both the irrigation regimes but QTLs for FPB and %FA were detected mostly only in either of the irrigation regimes. The QTL for FPP on chromosome 2 (RM3421–RM213) coincided with that for yield under full irrigation, showing that this QTL is related to sink capacity and yield potential in aerobic rice culture. On the other hand, the QTL for FPB on chromosome 1 (RM3148–RM243) coincided with that for yield under limited irrigation, when water deficit was moderate. The QTL for root axis length at vegetative stage, previously identified in the same mapping population, was located near this region. This study unravelled the complicated genetic control on panicle morphology in aerobic rice culture, and suggested the positive roles of the dehydration avoidance mechanism by vigorous root growth on panicle size and yield under dry soil conditions.     

种植季节对超甜玉米产量及主要农艺性状的影响

研究6个超甜玉米品种在春季和秋季种植的产量和主要农艺性状的表现.结果表明:不同种植季节对产量、生育期及株高、穗位、单穗重、行粒数、穗粗、籽粒可溶性固形物含量等性状产生显著影响.其中,秋季种植的产量、单穗重、穗粗、籽粒可溶性固形物含量显著或极显著高于春季种植的,而生育期、株高、穗位则显著低于春季种植的;穗位比例、穗长、秃顶等性状则较少受到种植季节因素的影响,能够稳定显示出品种的特征;多数超甜玉米品种秋季种植产量高且品质优良.     

雷州半岛菠萝蜜种质资源的果实形态标记及性状的因子分析

利用26个果实性状对我国雷州半岛的菠萝蜜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析.同时对有关果实性状进行因子分析,结果表明:雷州半岛76份菠萝蜜种质的果实性状的变异系数在11.13%～67.73%之间.各种质欧氏遗传距离在2.56～16.65之间,平均为6.88.说明我国雷州半岛的菠萝蜜种质资源具有丰富的遗传变异:在欧氏距离系数为7.88处,76份种质可以分为3组;干、湿包类型及各地区的种质均不能分开聚类:因子分析筛选出了果实纵径、单果重和果轴重等17个影响较大的果实性状;对菠萝蜜种质遗传多样性.干、湿包类型的差异进行了探讨.     

Effect of Cold-Water Irrigation on Grain Quality Traits in japonica Rice Varieties from Yunnan Province, China

The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.     

半番鸭白羽性状AFLP标记的筛选与分离

采用EcoRⅠ/TaqⅠ系列的64对引物对半番鸭羽色性状进行AFLP标记筛查,结果表明：经重复试验,最终获得3个白羽性状特异片段,它们分别由引物组合E-AAG/T-AAC、E-AAG/T-AGT、E-AGC/T-AAT扩增得到。对这3个白羽性状特有的AFLP片段测序分析,其中引物组合E-AGC/T-AAT差异片段序列与鸡的WAG-9005基因全序列相似性为73%;引物组合E-AAG/T-AAC和引物组合E-AAG/T-AGT两个差异片段与数据库中相似性较低,推测可能是新的与半番鸭白羽性状相关的基因片段。     

谷物胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法.该方法通过Gibbs以及Metropolis-Hastings抽样实现的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得QTL效应和位置的估计.方法的有效性用染色体水平和基因组水平2套模拟方案进行验证,结果表明:贝叶斯方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并同时区分2种显性效应.     

利用DH群体进行白菜株高和开展度的QTL定位分析

应用AFLP、SRAP、RAPD、SSR及同工酶等标记构建的326个标记位点的白菜遗传图谱和81个DH株系群体,采用M apQTL 5软件对白菜的株高和开展度进行QTL定位。结果表明：通过2年试验,在10个连锁群上共检测到27个QTL,主要分布在R 5、R 10连锁群上：其中控制株高的有11个,控制开展度的有16个;获得2年稳定表达的控制株高的QTL 1个,控制开展度的QTL 3个;各QTL加性效应各不相等,其遗传贡献率为13.3%-29.2%;控制株高和控制开展度的QTL位点表现为紧密连锁或相似的位置,主要集中在R 5连锁群上。     

两个水稻DH群体茎蘖消长的发育QTL分析

利用分别来源于窄叶青8号(ZYQ8)和京系17(JX17)及春江06(CJ06)和台中本地1号(TNI)2个组合的DH群体(分别称为DH-1和DH-2群体),采用非条件及发育QTL分析方法研究水稻茎蘖消长的遗传控制.其中,DH-1群体定位到条件与非条件QTL共44个,分布于第3、12染色体以外的其他10条染色体上;DH-2群体定位到条件和非条件QTL共70个,分布于第7染色体外其他11条染色体上.通过全基因组比较QTL定位,在2个群体间共确定了10对26个处于相似物理位置的QTL位点,其中有6对14个位点均在相同时期内被检测到,很可能包含有控制茎蘖数的主效数量基因,这些QTL位点在显著性、效应值和贡献率均存在较大差异,对其基因本质仍需进一步深入研究.     

利用叶片形态学性状和ISSR标记检测柚类的遗传多样性

【目的】研究柚类资源的遗传多样性,为柚类分类提供新思路。【方法】以20个柚类品种为研究对象,利用数量分类和统计方法,对各品种叶片的8个形态特征进行了测量,依此计算出5个相对特征值,辅以6个特征描述符,将柚类品种进行叶片聚类分析,同时利用ISSR分子标记方法对20个柚类品种进行遗传多样性研究。【结果】叶片形态研究结果表明,不同柚类品种间叶片形态差异很大,用UPGMA法将20个柚类品种分为5组。而ISSR分子标记结果表明,11个引物共扩增出83个条带,其中72个条带具有多样性,多态条带比率(PPL)=86.75%,平均观测等位基因数(Na)为1.867 5,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.478 1,Nei’s基因多样性(h)为0.282 9,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.428 4,显示出丰富的遗传多样性;用UPGMA法将柚类品种可分为4类。叶片形态聚类结果与ISSR分子标记聚类结果有一定分歧,可能是因为叶片形态和分子标记属于不同性质的位点所致。【结论】结合形态学标记和分子标记对柚类品种进行了遗传多样性评价,揭示了柚类品种间丰富的遗传多样性,表明利用叶片形态学性状和ISSR分子标记都能很好地进行柚类品种分类,并能以此为依据通过多种手段选择或繁育一些适合国际口味的新品种、新品系。